The Ancient Greek hoplites used a round, bowl-shaped wooden shield that was reinforced with bronze and called an aspis. Covering the body from head to foot, the figure-of-eight and tower shield offered most of the warrior's body a good deal of protection in hand-to-hand combat. These shields were made primarily from a wicker frame and then reinforced with leather. The Mycenaean Greeks used two types of shields: the 'figure-of-eight' shield and a rectangular 'tower' shield. During the 14th–13th century BC, the Sards or Shardana, working as mercenaries for the Egyptian pharaoh Ramses II, utilized either large or small round shields against the Hittites. Many had a strap called a guige that allowed them to be slung over the user's back when not in use or on horseback. Heavy troops might be equipped with robust shields that could cover most of the body. Lightly armored warriors relying on speed and surprise would generally carry light shields ( pelte) that were either small or thin. Middle: hoplite's shield has a curtain which serves as a protection from arrows. In the 20th and 21st century, shields have been used by military and police units that specialize in anti-terrorist actions, hostage rescue, riot control and siege-breaking. In the 18th century, for example, Scottish Highland fighters liked to wield small shields known as targes, and as late as the 19th century, some non-industrialized peoples (such as Zulu warriors) employed them when waging war. Even after the introduction of gunpowder and firearms to the battlefield, shields continued to be used by certain groups.

These designs developed into systematized heraldic devices during the High Middle Ages for purposes of battlefield identification. Often shields were decorated with a painted pattern or an animal representation to show their army or clan. The shield was held by a central grip or by straps with some going over or around the user's arm and one or more being held by the hand. Sometimes they took on the form of kites or flatirons, or had rounded tops on a rectangular base with perhaps an eye-hole, to look through when used with combat. They were carried by foot soldiers, knights and cavalry.ĭepending on time and place, shields could be round, oval, square, rectangular, triangular, bilabial or scalloped. In classical antiquity, the Barbarian Invasions and the Middle Ages, they were normally constructed of poplar tree, lime or another split-resistant timber, covered in some instances with a material such as leather or rawhide and often reinforced with a metal boss, rim or banding. In prehistory and during the era of the earliest civilisations, shields were made of wood, animal hide, woven reeds or wicker. Finally, shields vary greatly in shape, ranging in roundness to angularity, proportional length and width, symmetry and edge pattern different shapes provide more optimal protection for infantry or cavalry, enhance portability, provide secondary uses such as ship protection or as a weapon and so on. Shields also vary a great deal in thickness whereas some shields were made of relatively deep, absorbent, wooden planking to protect soldiers from the impact of spears and crossbow bolts, others were thinner and lighter and designed mainly for deflecting blade strikes (like the roromaraugi or qauata). Shields vary greatly in size and shape, ranging from large panels that protect the user's whole body to small models (such as the buckler) that were intended for hand-to-hand-combat use. Shields are used to intercept specific attacks, whether from close-ranged weaponry or projectiles such as arrows, by means of active blocks, as well as to provide passive protection by closing one or more lines of engagement during combat. Wall painting depicting a Mycenaean Greek 'figure eight', 15th century BC, National Archaeological Museum, AthensĪ shield is a piece of personal armour held in the hand, which may or may not be strapped to the wrist or forearm.

Hoplite shield size